Class VI: Adjectives Dr. Esa Autero

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1 Class VI: Adjectives Dr. Esa Autero
LAN 404 Beginning Hebrew I *Photo from Class VI: Adjectives Dr. Esa Autero

2 Adjectives 1.1 Introduction
Adjective in English modify, describe, characterize or classify noun – they give specificity to nouns righteous king or wicked king; good God Adjectives in Hebrew Adjectives inflect [change form] to indicate gender and number Masculine/feminine, singular/plural *Photo:

3 Adjectives טוֹב טוֹבָה - ָה טוֹבִים טוֹתוֹת ִים וֹת
2.1 Inflection of adjectives Inflectional forms of adjectives Adjectives agree with the noun they modify in gender and number E.g. Adjective that modifies feminine sg. noun is also in feminine sg. סוּס טוֹב ־ good horse ־ מַלְכָּה טוֹבָה good queen  Grammatical gender does not change the meaning Inflected adjective Inflectional endings Masculine Feminine Singular טוֹב טוֹבָה - ָה Plural טוֹבִים טוֹתוֹת ִים וֹת *

4 Adjectives 2.2 Use of Adjectives
מְלָכוֹת טוֹבוֹת -- good queens Most adjectives change vowels when inflected 2.2 Use of Adjectives Adjectival usage falls into three categories: Attributive, predicative, and substantive 1) Attributive use – an adjective modifies a noun Adjective “attributes” a quality to a noun A good student; big book; good horse etc. Hebrew attributive adjective always follows (comes after) the noun Adjective always agrees w/ noun in gender, number & definiteness *

5 Irregular pluralization
Adjectives אִישׁ טוֹב  good man or a good man הָאִישׁ הַטּוֹב  the good man אִשָּׁה טוֹבָה  good woman or a good woman הָאִשָּׁה הַטּוֹבָה  the good woman אֲנָשִׁים טוֹבִים  good men הָאֲנָשִׁים הַטּוֹבִים  the good men נָשִׁים טוֹבוֹת  good women הַנָּשִׁים הַטּוֹבוֹת the good women * Irregular pluralization Plural feminine noun that uses masculine pl. ending but is considered feminine – adjective conforms to the “real” gender of the noun What’s going on here?

6 Adjectives 2) Predicative Use – asserts something about a noun
The student is good; book is big etc. The adjective asserts something about the noun – idea of “predication” Word order: adjective may precede or follow noun The predicate adjective never takes the definite article הָאִישׁ טוֹב / טוֹב הָאִישׁ the man is good הָאִישָּׁה טוֹבָה / טוֹבָה הָאִשָּׁה the woman is good הָאֲנָשִׁים טוֹבִים / טוֹבִים הָאֲנָשִׁים the men are good הַנָּשִׁים טוֹבוֹת / טוֹבוֹת הנָּשִׁים the women are good Where is the verb “to be” in the sentence? * In a noun sentence “to be” is presupposed

7 Adjectives אִישׁ טוֹב  a good man OR a man is good
Ambiguity in some predicate adjective constructions אִישׁ טוֹב  a good man OR a man is good  The context will tell if it is a predicate or attribute adjective 3) Substantive use – use of adjective as a noun No noun for the adjective to modify Adjective חָכָם used substantively (independently)  “a wise one” or “a wise man” With definite article הֶחָכָם  “the wise one” “the wise man” * Lexical form of the adjectives – always masculine singular

8 Adjectives אַ֫רְצָה  to (toward) [the] land
2.3 Directional Ending - ָה - [1,119x in the Hebrew Bible] Special ending to indicate motion or direction toward something Directional - ָה is added to the end of the word Meaning is the same as the preposition - אֶל־ אֶל־הָאָ֫רֶץ  to (toward) the land אַ֫רְצָה  to (toward) [the] land Vowel changes – learn by observing consonants & frequent encounter Daghesh Forte sometimes added to the final consonant e.g. שָׁ֫מָּה and יָ֫מָּה *

9 Toward the sea, westward,
Adjectives Hb. Word English Hb. w/ dir. - ה בַּ֫יִת House הַבַּ֫יְתָה To (toward) the house עִיר City הָעִ֫ירָה To city שָׁמַ֫יִם Heaven הַשָּׁמַ֫יְמָה To heaven מִצְרַ֫יִם Egypt מִצְרַ֫יְמָה To Egypt הַר Mountain הָהָ֫רָה To mountain שָׁם There שָׁמָּה To there, to that place יָם Sea, west יָמָּה Toward the sea, westward, *

10 Adjectives תּוֹרָה גְדוֹלָה יָמָּה לָהּ (“to her”) סוּסָהּ (her horse)
Usages of - ָה ending in Hebrew תּוֹרָה גְדוֹלָה יָמָּה לָהּ (“to her”) סוּסָהּ (her horse) Simple feminine noun ending Feminine adjective ending Directional – ָה ending Pronominal suffix, sg. 3f. * Chapter 9

11 Definite article and conjunction Waw
Practice Workbook p p. 29, no: 1-10 & p. 30, no: 1-10 Homework Workbook p , no:1-14 “Bible Translation” Practice letters and reading (out loud) – e.g. words on vocabulary & workbook Vocabulary quiz (Ch. 7) on words p. 65 (7.8) *Photo: