הורד מצגת
המצגת נטענת. אנא המתן
1
Biomolecular Computers
2
What are biomolecules?
3
What is a Computer? compū´ter n. …; automatic electronic apparatus for making calculations or controlling operations that are expressible in numerical or logical terms;… The Concise Oxford Dictionary
4
What is a Computer? compū´ter n. …; automatic electronic apparatus for making calculations or controlling operations that are expressible in numerical or logical terms;… The Concise Oxford Dictionary
5
What is a Computer? → Much of molecular biology
compū´ter n. …; automatic electronic apparatus for making calculations or controlling operations that are expressible in numerical or logical terms;… → Much of molecular biology
6
Molecular machines in operation
RNA Polymerase transcribes DNA to RNA Ribosomes translate RNA to Proteins
7
Computing automata in operation
RNA Polymerase transcribes DNA to RNA Ribosomes translate RNA to Proteins Both can be viewed as finite state transducers
8
Review of published research
Mechanical Turing machine (DNA 5, MIT, 1999) Programmable and autonomous molecular computing machine (Nature, 2002) DNA molecule provides computing machine with both data and fuel (PNAS 2003)
9
Review of published research
Mechanical Turing machine (DNA 5, MIT, 1999) Programmable and autonomous molecular computing machine (Nature, 2002) DNA molecule provides computing machine with both data and fuel (PNAS 2003)
10
A mechanical Turing machine
11
A 4 3 5 2 1
12
Software molecules
13
“Software” “molecules”
14
Control via recognition-based conformational change
15
Medicine in 2020: “Doctor in a Cell” Programmable Computer
Molecular Output Molecular Input Programmable Computer
16
Medicine in 2050: “Doctor in a Cell” Programmable Computer
Molecular Input Molecular Output
18
A 2-state, 2-symbol finite automaton
19
Review of published research
Mechanical Turing machine (DNA 5, MIT, 1999) Programmable and autonomous molecular computing machine (Nature, 2002) DNA molecule provides computing machine with both data and fuel (PNAS 2003)
20
The molecular automaton
21
Additional 2-state, 2-symbol automata
22
Software molecules
23
Running different molecular programs
24
Software breakpoints
25
Automaton performance
1012 automata run independently and in parallel on potentially distinct inputs in 120 µl at room temperature at combined rate of 109 transitions per second with accuracy ≥ 99.8% per transition, consuming less than 10-9 Watt.
27
Checking all molecules to be essential
28
Checking all molecules to be essential: Why bother?
Half the hardware (only one enzyme) Ligase only ATP consuming components. So no energy?
29
Information Destruction in Electronic Computers
Via erasure: Resetting bits to zero Thermodynamically uphill since decreases entropy
30
Information Destruction in Biology
Happens all the time through biopolymer cleavage and digestion Thermodynamically downhill: Increases entropy AND dissipates heat Our discovery: Can be used to compute without additional energy
31
DNA molecule as computer fuel
32
Automaton performance
3x1012 automata/µl (240x) Performing 6.6x1010 transitions/sec/µl (8000x) [New performance measure?] With transition fidelity of 99.9% (2x) Dissipating 10-8 W/µl as heat at ambient temperature
33
Review of published research
Mechanical Turing machine (DNA 5, MIT, 1999) Programmable and autonomous molecular computing machine (Nature, 2002) DNA molecule provides computing machine with both data and fuel (PNAS 2003)
36
התקן החישוב הביולוגי הכי קטן
צוות מדענים ממכון וייצמן למדע (ישראל) סיגלו מולקולות דנ"א שיפעלו כמחשבים מולקולריים זעירים (נאנו-מחשבים). מולקולות דנ"א הן הקלט, הפלט וה'תוכנה' ואנזים הפועל עליהן הוא ה'חומרה'. בניסויים נמצא כי מיקרו-ליטר אחד של תמיסת מלח, המכילה 3 טריליון התקני חישוב כאלה, מסוגל לבצע 66 מיליארד פעולות בשנייה. את האנרגיה לפעולות מספק הדנ"א עצמו כשאנזים ה'חומרה' פועל עליו. התוצאות הוכרזו ב24- בפברואר 2003 ברשומות האקדמיה הלאומית למדעים. צוות החוקרים: ד"ר רבקה אדר, יעקב בננסון, פרופ' צבי ליבנה, ד"ר תמר פז-אליצור, ופרופ' אהוד שפירא - כולם מישראל.
37
Current Research Diagnostic/therapeutic molecular automaton
38
Medicine in 2050: “Doctor in a Cell” Programmable Computer
Output molecules Input molecules Programmable Computer
39
Research in 2005: “Doctor in a test tube”
Output molecules : Drug molecules Input molecules: Disease markers Programmable Computer: Diagnostic/therapeutic automaton
40
The students (and friends)
41
Karl Popper’s Three-worlds Ontology
World III: Objective Mathematical and linguistic entities, words, poems, articles, computer programs World II: Subjective Mental entities and processes, thoughts, dreams, decisions, feelings World I: Material Physical entities and processes, atoms, galaxies, artifacts, organisms
42
Computers in Popper’s Three-worlds Ontology
World III: Objective Mathematical models of computation World II: Subjective ? World I: Material Physical [computer] systems
43
What is a Computer? compū´ter n. …; a physical system that is a realization of a mathematical model of computation; … No such computers. A faulty computer? (Intel FP bug) The operation of the physical system needs to be interpreted as, and trusted to be, a computation.
44
What is a Computer? compū´ter n. …; a physical system deemed to be a realization of a mathematical model of computation; …
45
What is a Computer? compū´ter n. …; a physical system deemed to be a realization of a mathematical model of computation; … All three worlds are needed for this definition.
46
Computers in Popper’s Three-worlds Ontology
Mathematical model of computation Deemed, interpreted, and trusted to be Physical system
מצגות קשורות
